Para-Xylene Recovery Unit: How Refineries Separate High-Purity Para-Xylene
How integrated refinery and petrochemical plants recover high-purity para-xylene from mixed C8 aromatics using specialized separation.
Course overview →Subscriber courses
Explore lessons for the skilled trades.
Aromatics Extraction Unit: How Refineries Separate Benzene, Toluene, and Xylenes From Reformate
How an aromatics extraction system separates benzene, toluene, and xylenes from catalytic reformer product streams.
Course overview →Residue Hydrocracking: How Refineries Convert the Heaviest Oil Into Cleaner, Lighter Products
How residue hydrocracking uses hydrogen, pressure, and catalysts to convert heavy refinery residue into lighter products.
Course overview →Visbreaker Unit: How Refineries Reduce Heavy Residue Viscosity Through Mild Thermal Cracking
Learn how a visbreaker reduces heavy residue viscosity through controlled thermal cracking and recovers lighter fractions.
Course overview →Light Ends Fractionation: How Refineries Separate C₁ Through C₅ Hydrocarbons
A guide to refinery fractionation of mixed light hydrocarbons into useful C1, C2, C3, C4, and C5-plus streams.
Course overview →C₄ Olefin Separation & Recovery: How Refineries Prepare Butylene-Rich Feed for Alkylation
How refineries recover, treat, and condition butylene-rich C4 material from FCC gas for downstream alkylation.
Course overview →Propylene Splitter Unit: How Refineries Separate Propylene From Propane
Why separating propylene from propane requires specialized fractionation and where the splitter fits in FCC gas recovery.
Course overview →FCC Wet Gas Plant: How Refineries Recover Fuel Gas, Propylene, Butylene and Gasoline From FCC Vapors
How an FCC wet gas plant compresses and separates cracked vapors into fuel gas, LPG components, and stabilized gasoline.
Course overview →Saturated Gas Plant: How Refineries Recover and Separate Light Hydrocarbons From Crude and Hydroprocessing Units
How a saturated gas plant treats refinery gases and recovers propane, butane, and heavier hydrocarbons.
Course overview →Merox Treating Unit: How Refineries Remove Mercaptans From LPG, Kerosene and Other Fuel Streams
Learn how Merox treating uses caustic solution, catalyst, and oxygen to treat mercaptans in LPG, kerosene, and other refinery streams.
Course overview →Gas Recovery & LPG Fractionation Unit: How Refineries Separate Fuel Gas, Propane, Butane and Other Light Hydrocarbons
How refineries recover and separate light hydrocarbon gases into fuel gas, C3 and C4 products, and C5-plus material.
Course overview →Hydrogen Production Unit (H₂ Plant): How Refineries Make Hydrogen for Hydrotreaters and Hydrocrackers
How a refinery hydrogen plant uses steam methane reforming and purification to supply hydrotreaters and hydrocrackers.
Course overview →Tail Gas Treating Unit (TGTU): How Refineries Recover More Sulfur After the SRU
How tail gas treating recovers additional sulfur compounds after the Claus sulfur recovery unit and returns hydrogen sulfide for processing.
Course overview →Sour Water Stripper (SWS): How Refineries Remove Hydrogen Sulfide and Ammonia From Process Water
How a sour water stripper removes hydrogen sulfide and ammonia from refinery process water before downstream handling.
Course overview →Sulfur Recovery Unit (SRU): How Refineries Turn Hydrogen Sulfide Into Elemental Sulfur
How a refinery sulfur recovery unit converts hydrogen sulfide-rich acid gas into elemental sulfur through the Claus process.
Course overview →Refinery Unit Series #12 — Amine Treating Unit
How circulating amine absorbs hydrogen sulfide from sour refinery gas and sends acid gas to sulfur recovery.
Course overview →Diesel/Distillate Hydrotreater (DHT): How Refineries Produce Cleaner, Low-Sulfur Diesel
How diesel-range feed combines with hydrogen and catalyst, then passes through separation and stripping to produce treated distillate.
Course overview →Delayed Coking Unit (DCU): How Refineries Turn Vacuum Residue Into Lighter Products and Petroleum Coke
How a delayed coker thermally cracks vacuum residue into lighter hydrocarbons and solid petroleum coke.
Course overview →Hydrocracker: How Refineries Convert Heavy Oil Into Diesel, Jet Fuel and Naphtha
How a hydrocracker uses hydrogen, pressure, temperature, and catalyst to make lighter diesel, jet-range, and naphtha streams.
Course overview →Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit (FCC): How Refineries Turn Heavy Gas Oil Into Gasoline and Light Products
How the FCC cracks vacuum gas oil with circulating catalyst to produce gasoline-range material, LPG, and other light products.
Course overview →Alkylation Unit: How Refineries Make High-Octane Alkylate
How a refinery combines isobutane with light olefins in an alkylation unit to make high-octane gasoline blendstock.
Course overview →Isomerization Unit: How Refineries Turn Light Naphtha Into Higher-Octane Gasoline
How an isomerization unit rearranges light naphtha molecules into higher-octane isomerate for gasoline blending.
Course overview →Refinery Unit #4 — Catalytic Reformer
How a catalytic reformer turns hydrotreated naphtha into high-octane reformate and hydrogen-rich gas using heated catalyst reactors.
Course overview →Naphtha Hydrotreater (NHT): Cleaning Naphtha Before Gasoline Processing
How a naphtha hydrotreater uses hydrogen and catalyst to remove sulfur and other contaminants before downstream gasoline processing.
Course overview →Vacuum Distillation Unit (VDU): Separating the Heavy End
How a vacuum distillation unit separates atmospheric residue into vacuum gas oils and heavier residue at reduced pressure.
Course overview →Crude Distillation Unit (CDU): Where Refining Begins
How a crude distillation unit heats and separates crude oil into refinery streams by boiling range, from light gases to atmospheric residue.
Course overview →Crane Hand Signals: Fundamentals Part 5/5
The final course lesson reviews crane hand signals, operator actions, load movement, communication failures, and a field assessment. Course completion alone is not qualification.
Course overview →Crane Hand Signals: Fundamentals Part 4/5
Part 4 covers blind picks, radio communication, signal transfers, lost contact, stop signals, and planning around obstructed views.
Course overview →Crane Hand Signals: Fundamentals – Part 3/5
Part 3 explains signals for raising, lowering, extending, and retracting a crane boom, plus combined boom/load and travel commands.
Course overview →Crane Hand Signals: Fundamentals – Part 2/5
Part 2 explains seven essential crane hand signals: hoist, lower, stop, emergency stop, swing, move slowly, and dog everything.
Course overview →Crane Hand Signals: Fundamentals – Part 1/5
Part 1 introduces the signal person's role, visibility, communication, load awareness, hazard control, and when signaling is required.
Course overview →Pipefitter Course: Fundamentals – Industrial 10/10
Finish the pipefitter course with system installation checks, testing, inspection, reinstatement, turnover, and troubleshooting.
Course overview →Pipefitter Course: Fundamentals – Industrial 9/10
Learn how hangers, anchors, guides, and springs support industrial piping while managing weight and thermal movement.
Course overview →Pipefitter Course: Fundamentals – Industrial 8/10
Learn flange alignment, gasket selection, bolt-up basics, and final piping connections in Part 8 of the pipefitter course.
Course overview →Pipefitter Course: Fundamentals – Industrial 7/10
Learn simple and rolling offsets, 45-degree calculations, and right-triangle geometry for industrial pipe layout.
Course overview →Pipefitter Course: Fundamentals – Industrial 6/10
Learn spool fabrication, joint preparation, fit-up, bevels, root gaps, tack-up, and flange orientation before welding.
Course overview →Pipefitter Course: Fundamentals – Industrial 5/10
Learn to read piping isometrics, plans, P&IDs, dimensions, elevations, and symbols in Part 5 of the pipefitter course.
Course overview →Pipefitter Course: Fundamentals – Industrial 4/10
Learn how pipefitters use tapes, levels, squares, and control references to transfer dimensions into accurate field layout.
Course overview →Pipefitter Course: Fundamentals – Industrial 3/10
Learn practical pipefitter math for fractions, fitting takeoffs, right triangles, offset travel, and centerline measurements.
Course overview →Pipefitter Course: Fundamentals – Industrial 2/10
Learn how elbows, tees, reducers, flanges, and valves build industrial piping systems and affect layout and takeoff.
Course overview →Pipefitter Course: Fundamentals – Industrial 1/10
Start industrial pipefitting with NPS, OD, ID, wall thickness, schedule, materials, centerlines, and basic measurements.
Course overview →